Eye Health Habits: 8 Vision Care Practices for Digital Age

My ophthalmologist showed me the scan and asked how many hours per day I spent on screens. I said eight. She said the scan said twelve. The eyes do not lie the way the mind does — the strain pattern, the tear film quality, the accommodative response all tell the truth the person will not. The truth was twelve hours. The eyes had been documenting the damage the entire time.

Here is the damage the digital age is producing that you are attributing to something else.

The headache you are calling a tension headache is, in many cases, a convergence headache — the result of the eyes sustaining an inward rotation (convergence) to maintain binocular focus on a near-distance screen for hours without relief. The fatigue you are calling general tiredness is, in many cases, visual fatigue — the central nervous system’s response to the sustained processing of screen-generated light that demands more neurological resources per hour than any visual task the human brain encountered before the twentieth century. The neck pain you are calling posture is, in many cases, the compensatory forward head position the body adopts to bring the eyes closer to the screen the accommodation system is struggling to focus.

The attribution error is the danger: the symptoms are present, but the cause is misidentified. The headache is treated with ibuprofen rather than visual rest. The fatigue is treated with caffeine rather than screen reduction. The neck pain is treated with massage rather than screen repositioning. The treatment addresses the symptom while the cause — the sustained, unrelieved, biomechanically demanding visual task the screen imposes — continues producing the damage the treatment is masking.

The digital age has produced a visual environment that is historically unprecedented. The human eye evolved to operate in daylight, at varied distances, with frequent shifts between near and far focus, and with the natural rest periods that darkness, weather, and the absence of artificial light provided. The screen eliminated every one of these evolutionary assumptions: the light is artificial, the distance is fixed, the focus is locked, and the rest periods are voluntary — and the voluntary is not volunteering.

This article is about 8 specific practices that address the visual demands the digital age imposes — practices distinct from but complementary to the foundational practices of the 20-20-20 rule and ergonomic setup, targeting the deeper dimensions of eye health that the screen-saturated life requires. The practices address the eye’s muscular system, the display environment, the protective behaviors, the recovery processes, and the lifestyle modifications that comprehensive digital-age vision care demands.

The eyes are the most used and least rested organs in the digital body. The practices are the rest, the protection, and the care the eyes have been earning with every pixel they process.

1. Eye Exercises: Strengthen the Visual System

The eyes contain six extraocular muscles per eye — twelve muscles total — that control the movement, the tracking, and the convergence that the visual system performs thousands of times per day. The screen locks these muscles in a fixed position: both eyes converged on a near point, the tracking muscles idle (the screen does not require the pursuit movements that the natural visual environment demands), and the focus muscles contracted without variation. The lock produces the muscular imbalance, the fatigue, and the loss of flexibility that any muscle system develops when held in a single position without movement variation.

Eye exercises — the deliberate, varied movement of the eyes through their full range — address the lock: restoring the muscular balance, the flexibility, and the functional range that the screen-fixed position depletes.

The exercises: (1) Eye circles — slowly rotate the eyes clockwise for five full circles, then counterclockwise for five. (2) Near-far focus shifts — hold a finger eight inches from the nose, focus on the fingertip for five seconds, shift focus to an object twenty feet away for five seconds. Repeat ten times. (3) Figure eights — trace a large figure eight with the eyes at approximately ten feet distance. Five repetitions in each direction. (4) Lateral tracking — hold a pen at arm’s length and slowly move it left to right, following with the eyes only (head still). Ten repetitions. Total time: five minutes. Frequency: twice daily.

Real-life example: Eye exercises resolved Miriam’s convergence insufficiency — a condition in which the eyes’ ability to sustain inward rotation for near-focus tasks had weakened to the point where reading produced double vision, headaches, and the specific eyestrain that four years of screen work had been building. The ophthalmologist’s diagnosis: the convergence muscles had weakened from the paradox of overuse — the sustained, static contraction that screen focus demands actually weakens the dynamic convergence the varied visual environment maintains, the way holding a weight in a single position for hours weakens the muscle differently than lifting and lowering the weight repeatedly.

The exercise program — the near-far focus shifts and the convergence exercises performed twice daily for eight weeks — restored the convergence strength. The double vision during reading resolved. The headaches decreased by approximately eighty percent.

“The screen was weakening the muscles the screen was overusing,” Miriam says. “The paradox: the eyes were working harder than ever but getting weaker because the work was static — the same position, the same distance, the same demand. The exercises introduced the variation. The variation rebuilt the strength. Eight weeks. The headaches that four years of screen work produced were resolved by five minutes of eye exercises twice a day.”

2. Optimize the Display: Make the Screen Work for You

The display settings — the brightness, the contrast, the font size, the color temperature, and the resolution — determine how hard the eyes must work to extract the information the screen presents. The default settings are not optimized for eye comfort. The default settings are optimized for display quality — the vivid colors, the high contrast, the small-font density that makes the screen look impressive but that demands the maximum visual effort from the eyes processing it.

The practice is the display optimization: brightness matched to the ambient light (the screen should not be the brightest object in the visual field — hold a white sheet of paper next to the screen; if the screen is significantly brighter than the paper, reduce the brightness), contrast set to comfortable levels, font size increased to a level that requires no squinting or leaning (most people benefit from a ten-to-twenty-percent increase from the default), color temperature shifted warmer (reducing the blue component), and resolution set to the display’s native setting (non-native resolutions produce subtle rendering artifacts that increase the visual processing demand).

Real-life example: Display optimization reduced Dario’s daily eye strain by approximately fifty percent — a reduction produced not by reducing screen time but by reducing the visual demand per hour of screen time. The optimization: brightness reduced from ninety percent to fifty-five percent (matched to the office lighting), font size increased by fifteen percent across all applications, color temperature shifted warmer using the system’s built-in night light set to a moderate level throughout the day, and the monitor’s contrast adjusted to reduce the harshness the default setting produced.

“The screen was attacking the eyes with every default setting,” Dario says. “The brightness too high, the font too small, the contrast too harsh, the color temperature too blue. The optimization adjusted every setting toward the eyes’ comfort rather than the display’s impressiveness. The screen time did not change. The demand per hour of screen time decreased. The strain decreased proportionally.”

3. Strategic Lighting: Eliminate the Hidden Strain

The lighting environment produces eye strain that the screen receives the blame for — the overhead fluorescent that creates the glare the eyes must filter, the window behind the monitor that produces the brightness differential the pupils must accommodate, the dim room that forces the pupils to dilate while the bright screen forces them to constrict (the contradictory demand that the pupils cannot reconcile and that the strain resolves by exhausting the iris muscles that control them).

The practice is the strategic lighting assessment and correction: eliminate the glare sources (overhead lights repositioned or diffused, windows behind or beside the monitor rather than in front of the user), balance the ambient light to approximate the screen’s brightness (the room should be lit, not dark — the dark room with bright screen maximizes the brightness differential and the iris muscle strain), and add task lighting (a desk lamp that illuminates the document area without reflecting off the screen).

Real-life example: Strategic lighting eliminated Garrison’s end-of-day headaches — headaches that had been attributed to screen time and that were actually produced by the lighting conflict the screen was operating within. The conflict: the overhead fluorescent directly above Garrison’s monitor was producing a glare on the screen that the eyes were continuously filtering, and the window behind the monitor was creating a brightness differential that forced the pupils to simultaneously constrict (for the window) and accommodate (for the screen). The conflict was exhausting the iris muscles — the fatigue expressed as the headache that arrived at four PM every workday.

The correction: the overhead fluorescent replaced with a diffused LED panel (eliminating the direct glare), a shade installed on the window behind the monitor (reducing the brightness differential), and a desk lamp added for document reading (eliminating the need to use the screen’s backlight as the only light source). The headaches stopped within the first week.

“The headaches were the lighting, not the screen,” Garrison says. “The screen was operating in a lighting environment that was maximizing the visual conflict — the glare, the differential, the contradictory pupil demands. The lighting correction resolved the conflict. The headaches that I had been attributing to screen time for two years were produced by the lighting the screen was sitting in.”

4. Protective Eyewear: Shield the Eyes You Only Get Once

Protective eyewear — the glasses, the goggles, the shields that protect the eyes from the physical, chemical, and environmental hazards the unprotected eye is vulnerable to — is the eye health practice that most people associate with industrial settings and that most people neglect in the domestic and recreational settings where the majority of eye injuries actually occur. The American Academy of Ophthalmology reports that nearly half of all eye injuries occur at home — during cooking, cleaning, yard work, home repair, and recreational activities that the unprotected eye approaches without the protection the risk warrants.

The practice is the consistent use of protective eyewear during any activity that presents an eye hazard: safety glasses during power tool use, yard work, and home repair; splash-resistant eyewear during chemical cleaning; sport-specific eye protection during racquet sports, basketball, and any sport with projectile risk; and UV-protective sunglasses during outdoor exposure (the cumulative UV damage that contributes to cataract formation and macular degeneration is a slow, invisible, entirely preventable accumulation).

Real-life example: Protective eyewear saved Adela’s vision — specifically, the safety glasses she had begun wearing during yard work after the eye health practice prompted the habit. The incident: a wood chip launched by the string trimmer that struck the safety lens with sufficient force to produce a visible impact mark. The chip’s trajectory was direct to the left eye. The safety lens absorbed the impact the cornea would have received.

“The glasses cost eleven dollars,” Adela says. “The corneal laceration the chip would have produced would have cost: the emergency room visit, the ophthalmological intervention, the healing time, the potential permanent vision change, and the specific, irreversible knowledge that the injury was entirely preventable. Eleven dollars. The glasses were in the drawer for three months before I started wearing them. The three months of not wearing them was the risk. The wearing was the practice.”

5. Sleep and Eye Recovery: The Repair Window

Sleep is the eye’s recovery window — the period during which the corneal epithelium regenerates, the tear film restores, the ciliary muscle releases its sustained contraction, the retinal cells clear the metabolic waste the day’s light processing produced, and the visual processing centers of the brain consolidate and reset. The eyes that do not receive adequate sleep do not receive adequate recovery — and the unrecovered eyes begin the next day’s screen session already depleted, the depletion compounding daily until the strain that was manageable becomes the chronic condition that disrupts function.

The practice is the protection of the sleep window — seven to eight hours — with the specific additions that support the eye’s recovery: screens eliminated for the final sixty to ninety minutes before sleep (allowing the melatonin the screen suppresses to rise and the ciliary muscle to begin its release), the sleep environment darkened completely (allowing the retinal cells the darkness they require for the metabolic clearing the light prevents), and the recognition that the sleep is not separate from the eye health — the sleep is the eye health’s foundation.

Real-life example: Protecting the sleep window resolved Serena’s chronic morning eye dryness — the dryness that greeted her every morning and that she had been treating with drops rather than addressing through the sleep the dryness was signaling was inadequate. The pattern: screens until midnight (the blue light suppressing the melatonin), sleep from twelve-thirty to six AM (five and a half hours — insufficient for the full recovery cycle), and the morning’s dry, gritty, light-sensitive eyes that the drops treated symptomatically while the cause repeated nightly.

The sleep protection: screens off at ten-thirty, sleep environment fully darkened, sleep from eleven-thirty to seven AM. Seven and a half hours. The corneal epithelium received the regeneration time. The tear glands received the recovery period. The morning dryness resolved within two weeks — not because the drops improved but because the sleep provided the recovery the drops could not.

“The morning dryness was a sleep problem, not an eye problem,” Serena says. “Five and a half hours was not enough time for the eyes to recover from the day’s screen assault. The eyes were starting each day unrecovered — the corneal surface not regenerated, the tear film not restored. Seven and a half hours gave the eyes the recovery window. The recovery window provided what the drops could not: actual healing rather than temporary lubrication.”

6. Screen-Free Activities: Diversify the Visual Diet

The screen-free activity practice is the deliberate inclusion of activities that require varied visual demands — the distance viewing, the depth perception, the peripheral awareness, the tracking movements, and the focus variation that the screen’s fixed, flat, near-distance presentation does not provide. The visual diet of the screen-dependent person is as restricted as the nutritional diet of the person who eats one food: the eyes receive the near-distance, fixed-focus, two-dimensional input continuously while the distance, the depth, and the dimensional variety the visual system requires are absent.

The practice is the daily inclusion of at least one hour of screen-free activity that involves varied visual demands: outdoor activities (the distance viewing the landscape provides), sports (the tracking, the depth perception, the rapid focus changes the play demands), cooking (the varied distances, the hand-eye coordination), crafts (the three-dimensional manipulation, the varied focal distances), or any activity that the eyes perform without the screen’s fixed, flat, near-distance constraint.

Real-life example: Screen-free activities restored Tobias’s depth perception — the depth perception that the screen’s two-dimensional presentation had been slowly, imperceptibly degrading. The degradation was not pathological — the eyes were physiologically capable of depth perception. The degradation was functional — the depth perception muscles (the convergence and divergence systems that produce stereoscopic vision) were underused because the screen does not require three-dimensional focus, and the underuse was producing the functional weakness that the varied visual demands of the screen-free activities restored.

The activity: woodworking — the three-dimensional, varied-distance, hand-eye-coordination-intensive activity that demanded the full range of the visual system the screen was not using. The improvement was progressive: after three months of regular woodworking sessions, the depth perception that had felt slightly flat (the difficulty judging parking distances, the uncertainty catching thrown objects) had sharpened — the visual system, given the varied demand, had restored the function the screen’s narrow demand had been atrophying.

“The screen was flattening my vision,” Tobias says. “Not metaphorically — literally. The two-dimensional screen was not requiring the three-dimensional focus the eyes are designed to produce, and the absence of the demand was weakening the capacity. The woodworking demanded the depth perception. The demand restored the capacity. The eyes needed variety the way the body needs varied exercise. The screen was the visual equivalent of sitting in one position all day.”

7. The Dry Eye Prevention Routine: Protect Before the Damage

The dry eye prevention routine is the proactive practice — the daily protocol that maintains the tear film’s quality and quantity before the dryness develops rather than the reactive treatment that addresses the dryness after the discomfort has already arrived. The prevention is more effective than the treatment because the tear film, once disrupted, enters a self-reinforcing cycle: the dryness produces inflammation, the inflammation damages the meibomian glands (the glands that produce the oil layer of the tear film), the damaged glands produce less oil, the reduced oil allows faster evaporation, and the faster evaporation produces more dryness. The cycle, once established, is difficult to interrupt. The prevention keeps the cycle from starting.

The routine: (1) Warm compresses — a warm, damp cloth held over closed eyes for five to ten minutes daily. The warmth melts the meibomian gland secretions, maintaining the oil flow that the gland’s chronic underperformance (common in screen users) reduces. (2) Lid hygiene — gentle cleaning of the eyelid margins with diluted baby shampoo or a commercial lid wipe, removing the debris and bacterial biofilm that accumulate at the lash line and that contribute to the gland dysfunction the dryness produces. (3) Omega-3 supplementation — fish oil or flaxseed oil, which research has associated with improved tear film quality and reduced dry eye symptoms. (4) Humidity awareness — maintaining forty to fifty percent humidity in the screen environment (humidifier if necessary), countering the dry office air that accelerates the tear evaporation the reduced blink rate produces.

Real-life example: The dry eye prevention routine prevented Claudette’s developing meibomian gland dysfunction from progressing — a progression that the ophthalmologist warned would produce the chronic dry eye that the early-stage dysfunction was building toward. The diagnosis was early: the gland imaging showed partial blockage in several glands — not yet producing symptoms severe enough to require treatment but advanced enough to predict the chronic condition the progression would produce.

The prevention routine — warm compresses every evening, lid hygiene every morning, omega-3 supplementation daily, and a desk humidifier maintaining forty-five percent humidity — halted the progression. The six-month follow-up imaging showed stable glands — no further blockage, no progression toward the chronic condition the untreated dysfunction would have produced.

“The prevention stopped the problem before the problem became the disease,” Claudette says. “The glands were declining. The decline was heading toward chronic dry eye — the condition that requires constant treatment and that the early intervention prevented. The routine was fifteen minutes per day. The chronic dry eye would have been a lifetime of drops, treatments, and diminished quality of life. Fifteen minutes of prevention eliminated the lifetime of treatment.”

8. Children’s Screen Habits: Protect the Eyes That Are Still Developing

The final practice addresses the most vulnerable eyes in the digital age — the children’s eyes, which are still developing and which are receiving screen exposure at levels and durations that the developing visual system was not designed to process. The developing eye is more susceptible to the screen’s effects: the shorter focal length (children hold screens closer), the larger pupil (admitting more light to the developing retina), the more flexible lens (sustaining accommodation more easily but also more susceptible to the myopia-promoting stimulus that sustained near focus provides), and the developmental plasticity that means the screen’s influence is not just straining the developing eye — the screen is shaping the developing eye.

The research is specific: increased screen time in children is associated with increased myopia (nearsightedness), with the association being dose-dependent — more screen time produces more myopia. The mechanism is understood: the sustained near-focus stimulus tells the developing eye to elongate (the elongation that produces nearsightedness), and the absence of outdoor light (which contains the UV-adjacent wavelengths that appear to slow eye elongation) removes the protective factor that outdoor time provides.

The practice: limit children’s recreational screen time (the American Academy of Pediatrics’ guidelines provide age-specific recommendations), ensure at least sixty to ninety minutes of outdoor time daily (the outdoor light exposure that research associates with reduced myopia development), enforce the visual breaks the children will not enforce themselves, and schedule annual pediatric eye examinations to monitor the visual development the screens are influencing.

Real-life example: The screen limitation and outdoor time practice slowed Vivian’s daughter’s myopia progression — a progression that the pediatric ophthalmologist had identified as accelerating and that the combination of reduced screen time and increased outdoor exposure demonstrably slowed. The daughter’s myopia had been progressing at approximately -0.75 diopters per year — a rate the ophthalmologist identified as aggressive and as associated with the screen time (four to five hours of recreational screen per day) and the low outdoor exposure (approximately twenty minutes per day) the current lifestyle was providing.

The intervention: recreational screen time reduced to ninety minutes per day, outdoor time increased to ninety minutes per day. The next annual measurement showed progression of -0.25 diopters — a significant slowing from the previous year’s rate. The ophthalmologist attributed the slowing to the combination: the reduced near-focus stimulus and the increased outdoor light exposure.

“The screens were shaping my daughter’s eyes,” Vivian says. “Not straining — shaping. The developing eye was elongating in response to the near-focus stimulus the screen was providing for four to five hours per day. The elongation is myopia. The myopia was accelerating. The screen reduction and the outdoor increase slowed the elongation. The eyes that were being shaped by the screen are now being shaped by the outdoor light and the visual variety. The ophthalmologist said: the outdoor time is the single most protective factor for children’s developing eyes.”

The Eyes Are Documenting Everything

Eight practices. Eight investments in the vision that processes ninety percent of the information the brain receives — the vision that the digital age demands more from than any previous era and that the digital age protects less than any previous era.

Exercise the eye muscles. Optimize the display. Correct the lighting. Wear the protection. Protect the sleep. Diversify the visual diet. Prevent the dryness. Guard the children’s development.

The practices are not the rejection of the screen. The practices are the management of the screen — the specific, evidence-based, daily adjustments that allow the digital life to continue without the visual cost the unmanaged screen imposes. The screen is not optional. The damage is optional — the damage that the practices prevent, the strain that the practices reduce, the degeneration that the practices slow, and the vision that the practices preserve.

The eyes have been documenting the damage with every headache, every dry spell, every blurred evening, every gritty morning, every squint that the display produced and that the practices would have prevented. The documentation is the communication. The communication is the request.

The eyes are asking for eight practices. The practices are available.

The vision you protect today is the vision you will need for every remaining day of your life.

Protect it. The eyes are watching — and the eyes are counting on you to watch back.

20 Powerful and Uplifting Quotes About Eye Health

“The eyes do not lie the way the mind does. The strain pattern tells the truth.”
“The screen was weakening the muscles the screen was overusing.”
“The screen was attacking the eyes with every default setting.”
“The headaches were the lighting, not the screen.”
“The glasses cost eleven dollars. The corneal laceration would have cost everything.”
“The morning dryness was a sleep problem, not an eye problem.”
“The screen was flattening my vision — literally, not metaphorically.”
“Fifteen minutes of prevention eliminated a lifetime of treatment.”
“The screens were shaping my daughter’s eyes. Not straining — shaping.”
“The eyes have been documenting the damage the entire time.”
“The headache you are calling tension is often convergence.”
“The fatigue you are calling tiredness is often visual.”
“The screen eliminated every evolutionary assumption the eye was built on.”
“The damage is optional. The screen is not.”
“The visual diet was as restricted as eating one food.”
“The eyes needed variety the way the body needs varied exercise.”
“The tear film cycle, once disrupted, reinforces itself.”
“Outdoor light is the single most protective factor for children’s developing eyes.”
“The vision you protect today is the vision you will need for every remaining day.”
“The eyes are watching. They are counting on you to watch back.”

Picture This

Close your eyes. Right now — close them. The darkness that arrives is the rest the eyes have been requesting and that the screen-saturated day has not been providing. The closed eyes are the only rest the eyes receive while you are awake — the only moment the ciliary muscle releases, the only moment the retinal cells are not processing incoming light, the only moment the tear film can spread without being disrupted by the air currents and the evaporation the open eye sustains.

Feel the closed eyes. Feel the muscles releasing — the subtle, often-unnoticed release of the accommodation the screen was demanding, the convergence the near focus was requiring, the tracking the scrolling was producing. The release is the rest. The rest is happening right now, in the darkness of the closed eyes, in the five seconds since you closed them.

Now open them. The opening is the return to the demand — the light arriving, the accommodation engaging, the convergence returning, the visual processing resuming. The demand is immediate. The demand is constant. The demand will continue for every waking second until the eyes close again tonight.

Between the opening and the closing — between now and sleep — the eyes will process millions of visual inputs. The eyes will accommodate thousands of focus changes. The eyes will converge on hundreds of near-distance targets. The eyes will blink (or not blink enough), track (or remain fixed), hydrate (or dehydrate), and perform the sustained, unrelieved, biomechanically demanding work that the digital day requires.

The eight practices are the care the eyes need during that span — the exercises that maintain the muscles, the display settings that reduce the demand, the lighting that eliminates the hidden strain, the protection that shields the irreplaceable, the sleep that provides the recovery, the variety that prevents the atrophy, the prevention that stops the disease, and the vigilance that protects the children’s still-developing vision.

The eyes opened. The demand began. The practices are how you meet the demand without paying the price the unmet demand extracts.

The eyes are open. The practices are available. The vision is yours to protect.

Protect it. The eyes are the only pair you will ever receive.

Share This Article

If these practices have changed your vision care — or if you just closed your eyes for five seconds and felt the release the screen has been preventing — please share this article. Share it because digital eye strain affects the majority of screen users and is treated as inevitable when it is preventable.

Here is how you can help spread the word:

Share it on Facebook with the practice that changed your eyes. “The headaches were the lighting, not the screen” or “the screen was weakening the muscles it was overusing” — personal testimony reaches the person who is blaming the eyes for what the habits are producing.
Post it on Instagram — stories, feed, or a DM. Eye health content reaches the screen-dependent population that needs it most and hears it least.
Share it on Twitter/X to reach someone whose end-of-day headaches are being treated with ibuprofen instead of addressed with visual practices. They need Practice Three tonight.
Pin it on Pinterest where it will remain discoverable for anyone searching for eye health, digital eye strain, or vision care practices.
Send it directly to a parent whose children’s screen time concerns them. Practice Eight — the children’s screen habit — might be the most important practice in this article, because the children’s eyes are still being shaped by the screens the children cannot manage themselves.

The eyes are asking. Help someone listen.

Disclaimer

This article is intended solely for informational, educational, and inspirational purposes. All content presented within this article — including the eye health practices, vision care strategies, personal stories, examples, and quotes — is based on personal experiences, commonly shared insights from the ophthalmology, optometry, and visual ergonomics communities, and general ophthalmology, optometry, visual science, and eye health knowledge that is widely available. The stories, names, and examples used throughout this article are representative of real experiences commonly shared within the eye care and wellness communities. Some identifying details, names, locations, and specific circumstances may have been altered, combined, or fictionalized to protect the privacy and anonymity of individuals.

Nothing in this article is intended to serve as medical advice, ophthalmological treatment, optometric prescription, clinical guidance, or a substitute for the care and expertise of a licensed ophthalmologist, optometrist, or any other qualified eye care professional. Eye conditions — including but not limited to dry eye disease, myopia, convergence insufficiency, glaucoma, macular degeneration, cataracts, and retinal conditions — require professional diagnosis and individualized treatment. If you are experiencing persistent eye pain, sudden vision changes, flashes or floaters, eye redness that does not resolve, or any symptoms that concern you, please consult with a qualified eye care professional promptly.

The information regarding children’s screen time and myopia development reflects current research findings and guidelines but should not replace individualized guidance from a pediatric ophthalmologist or optometrist. Screen time recommendations may vary based on the child’s age, visual development, and individual circumstances.

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